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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import sys

sum=5
def add(a=1,b=3):
    print a,b
    print sum   # Just access
add(4,8)
print sum

4 8
5
5

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import sys
sum=5
def add(a=1,b=3):
    print a,b
    # The inner function references the same name variable as the external function or global variable, and modifies this variable. Python will consider it a local variable.
    sum=b+a # Modify inside the function
    print sum
add(4,8)

4 8
12

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import sys
sum=5
def add(a=1,b=3):
    print a,b
    print sum  # The inner function references the same name variable and modifies this variable. Python will consider it a local variable. Because there is no definition of the sum variable before this print, an error will occur (compare with case one, note: just print sum before the previous example)
    sum=b+a
    print sum
add(4,8)
print sum

4 8
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
...
...
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'sum' referenced before assignment

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import sys

sum=5
print 'Before change: sum=',sum
def add(a=1,b=3):
    global sum
    print 'In add function: sum=',sum
    sum=b+a
    print 'After change in function: sum= ',sum
add(4,8)
print 'After change sum=',sum

Before change: sum= 5
In add function: sum= 5
After change in function: sum=  12
After change sum= 12