1.7 Heap Sort

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1.7 Heap Sort

Category Algorithm

Heap Sort is a sorting algorithm designed using the heap data structure. A heap is a nearly complete binary tree structure that satisfies the heap property: the key of a child node is always less than (or greater than) its parent node. Heap Sort can be considered a selection sort that utilizes the concept of a heap. It involves two methods:

Max Heap: Each node's value is greater than or equal to its child nodes' values, used for ascending order sorting.
Min Heap: Each node's value is less than or equal to its child nodes' values, used for descending order sorting.

The average time complexity of Heap Sort is Ο(nlogn).

1. Algorithm Steps

Create a heap H[0……n-1].
Swap the heap's root (maximum value) with its last element.
Reduce the heap size by 1 and call shift_down(0) to adjust the new root element to its appropriate position.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the heap size is 1.

2. Dynamic Demonstration

Code Implementation

JavaScript

var len;    // Declare len as a global variable since multiple functions need the data length

function buildMaxHeap(arr) {   // Build a max heap
    len = arr.length;
    for (var i = Math.floor(len/2); i >= 0; i--) {
        heapify(arr, i);
    }
}

function heapify(arr, i) {     // Heap adjustment
    var left = 2 * i + 1,
        right = 2 * i + 2,
        largest = i;

    if (left < len && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
        largest = left;
    }

    if (right < len && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
        largest = right;
    }

    if (largest != i) {
        swap(arr, i, largest);
        heapify(arr, largest);
    }
}

function swap(arr, i, j) {
    var temp = arr[i];
    arr[i] = arr[j];
    arr[j] = temp;
}

function heapSort(arr) {
    buildMaxHeap(arr);

    for (var i = arr.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
        swap(arr, 0, i);
        len--;
        heapify(arr, 0);
    }
    return arr;
}

Python

def buildMaxHeap(arr):
    import math
    for i in range(math.floor(len(arr)/2),-1,-1):
        heapify(arr,i)

def heapify(arr, i):
    left = 2*i+1
    right = 2*i+2
    largest = i
    if left < arrLen and arr[left] > arr[largest]:
        largest = left
    if right < arrLen and arr[right] > arr[largest]:
        largest = right

    if largest != i:
        swap(arr, i, largest)
        heapify(arr, largest)

def swap(arr, i, j):
    arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]

def heapSort(arr):
    global arrLen
    arrLen = len(arr)
    buildMaxHeap(arr)
    for i in range(len(arr)-1,0,-1):
        swap(arr,0,i)
        arrLen -=1
        heapify(arr, 0)
    return arr

Go

func heapSort(arr []int) []int {
    arrLen := len(arr)
    buildMaxHeap(arr, arrLen)
    for i := arrLen - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
        swap(arr, 0, i)
        arrLen -= 1
        heapify(arr, 0, arrLen)
    }
    return arr
}

func buildMaxHeap(arr []int, arrLen int) {
    for i := arrLen / 2; i >= 0; i-- {
        heapify(arr, i, arrLen)
    }
}

func heapify(arr []int, i, arrLen int) {
    left := 2*i + 1
    right := 2*i + 2
    largest := i
    if left < arrLen && arr[left] > arr[largest] {
        largest = left
    }
    if right < arrLen && arr[right] > arr[largest] {
        largest = right
    }
    if largest != i {
        swap(arr, i, largest)
        heapify(arr, largest, arrLen)
    }
}

func swap(arr []int, i, j int) {
    arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]
}

Java

public class HeapSort implements IArraySort {

    @Override
    public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
        // Copy the array to avoid modifying the parameter
        int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);

        int len = arr.length;

        buildMaxHeap(arr, len);

        for (int i = len - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            swap(arr, 0, i);
            len--;
            heapify(arr, 0, len);
        }
        return arr;
    }

    private void buildMaxHeap(int[] arr, int len) {
        for (int i = (int) Math.floor(len / 2); i >= 0; i--) {
            heapify(arr, i, len);
        }
    }

    private void heapify(int[] arr, int i, int len) {
        int left = 2 * i + 1;
        int right = 2 * i + 2;
        int largest = i;

        if (left < len && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = left;
        }

        if (right < len && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = right;
        }

        if (largest != i) {
            swap(arr, i, largest);
            heapify(arr, largest, len);
        }
    }

    private void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int temp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = temp;
    }
}

PHP

function buildMaxHeap(&$arr)
{
    global $len;
    for ($i = floor($len/2); $i >= 0; $i--) {
        heapify($arr, $i);
    }
}

function heapify(&$arr, $i)
{
    global $len;
    $left = 2 * $i + 1;
    $right = 2 * $i + 2;
    $largest = $i;

    if ($left < $len && $arr[$left] > $arr[$largest]) {
        $largest = $left;
    }

    if ($right < $len && $arr[$right] > $arr[$largest]) {
        $largest = $right;
    }

    if ($largest != $i) {
        swap($arr, $i, $largest);
        heapify($arr, $largest);
    }
}

function swap(&$arr, $i, $j)
{
    $temp = $arr[$i];
    $arr[$i] = $arr[$j];
    $arr[$j] = $temp;
}

function heapSort($arr) {
    global $len;
    $len = count($arr);
    buildMaxHeap($arr);
    for ($i = count($arr) - 1; $i > 0; $i--) {
        swap($arr, 0, $i);
        $len--;
        heapify($arr, 0);
    }
    return $arr;
}

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void swap(int *a, int *b) {
    int temp = *b;
    *b = *a;
    *a = temp;
}

void max_heapify(int arr[], int start, int end) {
    int dad = start;
    int son = dad * 2 + 1;
    while (son <= end) {
        if (son + 1 <= end && arr[son] < arr[son + 1]) {
            son++;
        }
        if (arr[dad] > arr[son]) {
            return;
        } else {
            swap(&arr[dad], &arr[son]);
            dad = son;
            son = dad * 2 + 1;
        }
    }
}

void heap_sort(int arr[], int len) {
    int i;
    for (i = len / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        max_heapify(arr, i, len - 1);
    }
    for (i = len - 1; i > 0; i--) {
        swap(&arr[0], &arr[i]);
        max_heapify(arr, 0, i - 1);
    }
}

int main() {
    int arr[] = { 3, 5, 3, 0, 8, 6, 1, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 9, 4, 7, 0, 1, 8, 9, 7, 3, 1, 2, 5, 9, 7, 4, 0, 2, 6 };
    int len = (int) sizeof(arr) / sizeof(*arr);
    heap_sort(arr, len);
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        printf("%d ", arr[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    return 0;
}

int son = dad * 2 + 1;
while (son <= end) { // If the child node pointer is within range, compare
    if (son + 1 <= end && arr[son] < arr[son + 1]) // Compare the two child nodes first, choose the largest
        son++;
    if (arr[dad] > arr[son]) // If the parent node is greater than the child node, the adjustment is complete, directly exit the function
        return;
    else { // Otherwise, swap the parent and child contents and continue comparing the child node with the grandchild node
        swap(&arr[dad], &arr[son]);
        dad = son;
        son = dad * 2 + 1;
    }
}

void heap_sort(int arr[], int len) {
    int i;
    // Initialize, i starts from the last parent node to adjust
    for (i = len / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        max_heapify(arr, i, len - 1);
    // First, swap the first element with the one before the sorted elements, then re-adjust until the sorting is complete
    for (i = len - 1; i > 0; i--) {
        swap(&arr[0], &arr[i]);
        max_heapify(arr, 0, i - 1);
    }
}

int main() {
    int arr[] = { 3, 5, 3, 0, 8, 6, 1, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 9, 4, 7, 0, 1, 8, 9, 7, 3, 1, 2, 5, 9, 7, 4, 0, 2, 6 };
    int len = (int) sizeof(arr) / sizeof(*arr);
    heap_sort(arr, len);
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
        printf("%d ", arr[i]);
    printf("\n");
    return 0;
}

1.6 Quick Sort

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