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Spring Fundamentals Summary - Essential Reading for Java Developers

Category Programming Technology

Introduction to Spring

The Spring framework was developed by Rod Johnson and released its first version in 2004. Spring is a framework abstracted from actual development practices, completing many common steps in development, leaving developers only with parts specific to the application, thus significantly improving the efficiency of enterprise application development.

The advantages of Spring can be summarized as follows:

The composition structure of the Spring framework is shown below: In addition to this, the factory-method attribute needs to be used to specify the static factory method, which Spring will call to return a Bean instance. Once the specified Bean instance is obtained, Spring's subsequent processing steps are exactly the same as those for creating a Bean instance using a regular method. If the static factory method requires parameters, use the <constructor-arg.../> element to specify the parameters for the static factory method.

Creating Bean with Instance Factory Method

The instance factory method differs from the static factory method in only one aspect: invoking a static factory method requires only the factory class, while invoking an instance factory method requires a factory instance. When using an instance factory method, the <bean.../> element for configuring the Bean instance does not need a class attribute. The instance factory method is configured using the factory-bean attribute to specify the factory instance. The <bean.../> element needs to specify the following two attributes:

If parameters need to be passed when invoking the instance factory method, use the <constructor-arg.../> element to determine the parameter values.

Coordinating Beans with Different Scopes

When a singleton-scoped Bean depends on a prototype-scoped Bean, synchronization issues may arise because the Spring container pre-initializes all singleton Beans during its initialization. Since the singleton Bean depends on the prototype Bean, Spring creates the prototype Bean before creating the singleton Bean, and then injects the prototype Bean into the singleton Bean.

It is recommended to use the second method, method injection. To use lookup method injection, roughly the following two steps are needed:

>

Spring will dynamically enhance the abstract method specified by the <lookup-method.../> element at runtime. If the target abstract class implements an interface, Spring will use JDK dynamic proxies to implement the abstract class and its abstract method; if the target abstract class does not implement an interface, Spring will use cglib to implement the abstract class and its abstract method. The cglib library is integrated in the spring-core-xxx.jar package of Spring 4.0.

Two Types of Post-Processors

Spring provides two commonly used post-processors:

Bean Post-Processor

A Bean post-processor is a special type of Bean that does not provide services externally; it may not even need an id attribute. It primarily handles post-processing for other Beans in the container, such as generating proxies for target Beans, and is referred to as a Bean post-processor. A Bean post-processor will further enhance the Bean instance after it has been successfully created. A Bean post-processor must implement the BeanPostProcessor interface and its two methods.

Once a Bean post-processor is registered in the container, it automatically activates and works automatically when each Bean is created in the container. The callback timing of the two methods of the Bean post-processor is as follows:

Note that if BeanFactory is used as the Spring container, the Bean post-processor must be registered manually. The program must obtain the Bean post-processor instance and register it manually.

BeanPostProcessor bp = (BeanPostProcessor)beanFactory.getBean("bp");
beanFactory.addBeanPostProcessor(bp);
Person p = (Person)beanFactory.getBean("person");

Container Post-Processor

A Bean post-processor handles all Bean instances in the container, while a container post-processor handles the container itself. A container post-processor must implement the BeanFactoryPostProcessor interface and its method postProcessBeanFactory(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory). The method body of this method is the processing of the Spring container, which can customize and extend the Spring container, or it can choose not to process the Spring container at all.

Similar to BeanPostProcessor, ApplicationContext can automatically detect and register container post-processors in the container. However, if BeanFactory is used as the Spring container, the container post-processor must be manually invoked to process the BeanFactory container.

Spring's "Zero Configuration" Support

Searching for Bean Classes

Spring provides several annotations to mark Spring Beans:

Configure the following in the Spring configuration file to specify the package to be automatically scanned:

&lt;context:component-scan base-package="edu.shu.spring.domain"/>

Using @Resource to Configure Dependencies

@Resource is located in the javax.annotation package and is an annotation from the JavaEE specification. Spring directly adopts this annotation to specify collaborators for the target Bean. Using @Resource has the same effect as the ref attribute of the <property.../> element. @Resource can not only modify setter methods but also directly modify instance variables. If @Resource is used to modify an instance variable, it will be even simpler, as Spring will directly use Field injection from the JavaEE specification, and even the setter method can be omitted.

Using @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy to Customize Lifecycle Behavior

@PostConstruct and @PreDestroy are also located in the javax.annotation package and are annotations from the JavaEE specification. Spring directly adopts them to customize the lifecycle behavior of Beans in the Spring container. They are both used to modify methods and do not require any attributes. The method modified by the former is the initialization method of the Bean; the method modified by the latter is the method before the Bean is destroyed.

Enhanced Autowiring and Precise Autowiring in Spring 4.0

Spring provides the @Autowired annotation to specify autowiring. @Autowired can modify setter methods, ordinary methods, instance variables, and constructors. When @Autowired is used to annotate a setter method, it defaults to using the byType autowiring strategy. In this strategy, there are often multiple candidate Bean instances that match the autowired type, which may cause exceptions. To achieve precise autowiring, Spring provides the @Qualifier annotation, which allows autowiring based on the Bean's id.

Spring's AOP

Why AOP is Needed

AOP (Aspect Orient Programming) is a programming paradigm as a supplement to object-oriented programming and has become a relatively mature programming approach. In fact, the advent of AOP is not too long. AOP complements OOP and decomposes the program execution process into various aspects.

AOP is specifically used to address cross-cutting concerns distributed across various modules (different methods) in the system. In JavaEE applications, AOP is often used to handle some system-level services with cross-cutting nature, such as transaction management, security checks, caching, object pool management, etc. AOP has become a very common solution.

Implementing AOP with AspectJ

AspectJ is an AOP framework based on the Java language, providing powerful AOP functionality, with many other AOP frameworks drawing inspiration or adopting its ideas. It mainly includes two parts: one part defines the syntax specification for expressing and defining AOP programming. With this syntax specification, it is convenient to use AOP to solve the cross-cutting concerns in the Java language; the other part is the tool part, including compilers, debuggers, etc.

AOP implementations can be divided into two categories:

Generally, static AOP implementations have better performance but require a special compiler. Dynamic AOP implementations are purely Java implementations, so no special compiler is needed, but they usually have slightly worse performance.

Basic Concepts of AOP

Some terminology about aspect-oriented programming:

AOP Support in Spring

AOP proxies in Spring are generated and managed by the Spring IoC container, with their dependencies also managed by the IoC container. @AspectJ support requires adding three libraries to Spring:

And configure the following in the Spring configuration file:

<!--Enable @AspectJ support-->
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy/>

<!--Specify automatic search for Bean components, automatic search for aspect classes-->
&lt;context:component-scan base-package="edu.shu.sprint.service">
    &lt;context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect"/>

</context:component-scan>

Source: http://codepub.cn/2015/06/21/Basic-knowledge-summary-of-Spring/

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@Resource and @Autowired, the differences between them, @Resource is from the javax.annotation.Resource package, supported by JavaEE; @Autowired is from the org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired package, provided by Spring. This makes @Resource more extensible than @Autowired because when exporting a project, using the @Resource annotation can be provided by the Java environment, while using the @Autowired annotation requires additional introduction of the Spring package.

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