Java 9 Private Interface Methods
Before Java 8, interfaces could have constant variables and abstract methods.
We could not provide method implementations within interfaces. If we wanted to combine abstract methods with non-abstract methods (methods with implementations), we had to use abstract classes.
Example
public class Tester {
public static void main(String []args) {
LogOracle log = new LogOracle();
log.logInfo("");
log.logWarn("");
log.logError("");
log.logFatal("");
LogMySql log1 = new LogMySql();
log1.logInfo("");
log1.logWarn("");
log1.logError("");
log1.logFatal("");
}
}
final class LogOracle implements Logging {
@Override
public void logInfo(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "INFO");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logWarn(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "WARN");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logError(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "ERROR");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logFatal(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "FATAL");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void getConnection() {
System.out.println("Open Database connection");
}
@Override
public void closeConnection() {
System.out.println("Close Database connection");
}
}
final class LogMySql implements Logging {
@Override
public void logInfo(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "INFO");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logWarn(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "WARN");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logError(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "ERROR");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void logFatal(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "FATAL");
closeConnection();
}
@Override
public void getConnection() {
System.out.println("Open Database connection");
}
@Override
public void closeConnection() {
System.out.println("Close Database connection");
}
}
@Override
public void getConnection() {
System.out.println("Open Database connection");
}
@Override
public void closeConnection() {
System.out.println("Close Database connection");
}
}
interface Logging {
String ORACLE = "Oracle_Database";
String MYSQL = "MySql_Database";
void logInfo(String message);
void logWarn(String message);
void logError(String message);
void logFatal(String message);
void getConnection();
void closeConnection();
}
The above example outputs the following results when executed:
Open Database connection
Log Message : INFO
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : WARN
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : ERROR
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : FATAL
Close Database connection
In the example above, each logging method has its own implementation.
Java 8 introduced new features to interfaces—default methods and static methods. We can now write method implementations in interfaces in Java SE 8 by simply using the default keyword.
In Java 8, an interface can define the following types of variables/methods:
- Constants
- Abstract Methods
- Default Methods
- Static Methods
Example
public class Tester {
public static void main(String []args) {
LogOracle log = new LogOracle();
log.logInfo("");
log.logWarn("");
log.logError("");
log.logFatal("");
LogMySql log1 = new LogMySql();
log1.logInfo("");
log1.logWarn("");
log1.logError("");
log1.logFatal("");
}
}
final class LogOracle implements Logging {
}
final class LogMySql implements Logging {
}
interface Logging {
String ORACLE = "Oracle_Database";
String MYSQL = "MySql_Database";
default void logInfo(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "INFO");
closeConnection();
}
default void logWarn(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "WARN");
closeConnection();
}
default void logError(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "ERROR");
closeConnection();
}
default void logFatal(String message) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + "FATAL");
closeConnection();
}
static void getConnection() {
System.out.println("Open Database connection");
}
static void closeConnection() {
System.out.println("Close Database connection");
}
}
The above example execution output is:
Open Database connection
Log Message : INFO
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : WARN
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : ERROR
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : FATAL
Close Database connection
Java 9, like Java 8, supports default methods in interfaces, but also introduces support for private methods.
In Java 9, an interface can define the following types of variables/methods:
- Constants
- Abstract methods
- Default methods
- Static methods
- Private methods
- Private static methods
The following example refactors redundancy into common methods, making it significantly cleaner:
Example
public class Tester {
public static void main(String []args) {
LogOracle log = new LogOracle();
log.logInfo("");
log.logWarn("");
log.logError("");
log.logFatal("");
LogMySql log1 = new LogMySql();
log1.logInfo("");
log1.logWarn("");
log1.logError("");
log1.logFatal("");
}
}
final class LogOracle implements Logging { }
final class LogMySql implements Logging { }
interface Logging {
String ORACLE = "Oracle_Database";
String MYSQL = "MySql_Database";
private void log(String message, String prefix) {
getConnection();
System.out.println("Log Message : " + prefix);
closeConnection();
}
default void logInfo(String message) {
log(message, "INFO");
}
default void logWarn(String message) {
log(message, "WARN");
}
default void logError(String message) {
log(message, "ERROR");
}
default void logFatal(String message) {
log(message, "FATAL");
}
private static void getConnection() {
System.out.println("Open Database connection");
}
private static void closeConnection() {
System.out.println("Close Database connection");
}
}
The above example execution output is:
Open Database connection
Log Message : INFO
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : WARN
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : ERROR
Close Database connection
Open Database connection
Log Message : FATAL
Close Database connection
Close Database Connection Open Database Connection Log Message: ERROR Close Database Connection Open Database Connection Log Message: FATAL Close Database Connection