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SciPy Constants Module

The SciPy constants module constants provides many built-in mathematical constants.

Pi is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159, commonly represented by the symbol π.

The following example outputs the value of Pi:

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.pi)

Executing the above code, the output is as follows:

3.141592653589793

The following example outputs the golden ratio:

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.golden)

Executing the above code, the output is as follows:

1.618033988749895

We can use the dir() function to see what constants are included in the constants module:

Example

from scipy import constants

print(dir(constants))

Executing the above code, the output is as follows:

['Avogadro', 'Boltzmann', 'Btu', ...]

Unit Types

The constants module includes the following types of units:

SI Prefixes

SI prefixes represent multiples and submultiples of units, with 20 prefixes currently available, mostly powers of 1000. (centi returns 0.01):

| yotta | 10^24 | | zetta | 10^21 | | exa | 10^18 | | peta | 10^15 | | tera | 10^12 | | giga | 10^9 | | mega | 10^6 | | kilo | 10^3 | | hecto | 10^2 | | deka | 10^1 | | deci | 10^-1 | | centi | 10^-2 | | milli | 10^-3 | | micro | 10^-6 | | nano | 10^-9 | | pico | 10^-12 | | femto | 10^-15 | | atto | 10^-18 | | zepto | 10^-21 |

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.yotta)    #1e+24
print(constants.zetta)    #1e+21
print(constants.exa)      #1e+18
print(constants.peta)     #1000000000000000.0
print(constants.tera)     #1000000000000.0
print(constants.giga)     #1000000000.0
print(constants.mega)     #1000000.0
print(constants.kilo)     #1000.0
print(constants.hecto)    #100.0
print(constants.deka)     #10.0
print(constants.deci)     #0.1
print(constants.centi)    #0.01
print(constants.milli)    #0.001
print(constants.micro)    #1e-06
print(constants.nano)     #1e-09
print(constants.pico)     #1e-12
print(constants.femto)    #1e-15
print(constants.atto)     #1e-18
print(constants.zepto)    #1e-21

Binary Prefixes

Returns byte units (kibi returns 1024).

| kibi | 2^10 | | mebi | 2^20 | | gibi | 2^30 | | tebi | 2^40 | | pebi | 2^50 | | exbi | 2^60 | | zebi | 2^70 | | yobi | 2^80 |

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.kibi)    #1024
print(constants.mebi)    #1048576
print(constants.gibi)    #1073741824
print(constants.tebi)    #1099511627776
print(constants.pebi)    #1125899906842624
print(constants.exbi)    #1152921504606846976
print(constants.zebi)    #1180591620717411303424
print(constants.yobi)    #1208925819614629174706176

Mass Units

Returns kilograms (kg). (gram returns 0.001).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.gram)        #0.001
print(constants.metric_ton)  #1000.0
print(constants.grain)       #6.479891e-05
print(constants.lb)          #0.45359236999999997
print(constants.pound)       #0.45359236999999997
print(constants.oz)          #0.028349523124999998
print(constants.ounce)       #0.028349523124999998
print(constants.stone)       #6.3502931799999995
print(constants.long_ton)    #1016.0469088
print(constants.short_ton)   #907.1847399999999
print(constants.troy_ounce)  #0.031103476799999998
print(constants.troy_pound)  #0.37324172159999996
print(constants.carat)       #0.0002
print(constants.atomic_mass) #1.66053904e-27
print(constants.m_u)         #1.66053904e-27
print(constants.u)           #1.66053904e-27

Angle Units

Returns radians (degree returns 0.017453292519943295).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.degree)     #0.017453292519943295
print(constants.arcmin)     #0.0002908882086657216
print(constants.arcminute)  #0.0002908882086657216
print(constants.arcsec)     #4.84813681109536e-06
print(constants.arcsecond)  #4.84813681109536e-06

Time Units

Returns seconds (hour returns 3600.0).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.minute)      #60.0
print(constants.hour)        #3600.0
print(constants.day)         #86400.0
print(constants.week)        #604800.0
print(constants.year)        #31536000.0
print(constants.Julian_year) #31557600.0

Length Units

Returns meters (nautical_mile returns 1852.0).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.inch)             #0.0254
print(constants.foot)             #0.30479999999999996
print(constants.yard)             #0.9143999999999999
print(constants.mile)             #1609.3439999999998
print(constants.mil)              #2.5399999999999997e-05
print(constants.pt)               #0.00035277777777777776
print(constants.point)            #0.00035277777777777776
print(constants.survey_foot)      #0.3048006096012192
print(constants.survey_mile)      #1609.3472186944373
print(constants.nautical_mile)    #1852.0
print(constants.fermi)            #1e-15
print(constants.angstrom)         #1e-10
print(constants.micron)           #1e-06
print(constants.au)               #149597870691.0
print(constants.astronomical_unit)#149597870691.0
print(constants.light_year)       #9460730472580800.0

print(constants.parsec)          #3.0856775813057292e+16

Pressure Units

Returns the number of Pascals, the SI unit for pressure. (psi returns 6894.757293168361).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.atm)           #101325.0
print(constants.atmosphere)    #101325.0
print(constants.bar)           #100000.0
print(constants.torr)          #133.32236842105263
print(constants.mmHg)          #133.32236842105263
print(constants.psi)           #6894.757293168361

Area Units

Returns the number of square meters, the metric unit for area, defined as the area of a square with sides of one meter in length. (hectare returns 10000.0).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.hectare)       #10000.0
print(constants.acre)          #4046.8564223999992

Volume Units

Returns the number of cubic meters, a unit of volume, where one cubic meter equals the volume of a cube with sides of one meter in length, equivalent to 1 kiloliter and the volume of 1 cubic meter of water, also equal to 1000000 cubic centimeters. (liter returns 0.001).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.liter)         #0.001
print(constants.litre)         #0.001
print(constants.gallon)        #0.0037854117839999997
print(constants.gallon_US)     #0.0037854117839999997
print(constants.gallon_imp)    #0.00454609
print(constants.fluid_ounce)   #2.9573529562499998e-05
print(constants.fluid_ounce_US)#2.9573529562499998e-05
print(constants.fluid_ounce_imp)#2.84130625e-05
print(constants.barrel)        #0.15898729492799998
print(constants.bbl)           #0.15898729492799998

Speed Units

Returns the number of meters per second. (speed_of_sound returns 340.5).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.kmh)           #0.2777777777777778
print(constants.mph)           #0.44703999999999994
print(constants.mach)          #340.5
print(constants.speed_of_sound)#340.5
print(constants.knot)          #0.5144444444444445

Temperature Units

Returns the number of Kelvin. (zero_Celsius returns 273.15).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.zero_Celsius)  #273.15
print(constants.degree_Fahrenheit)#0.5555555555555556

Energy Units

Returns the number of Joules, the derived unit for energy, work, or heat in the International System of Units, symbol J. (calorie returns 4.184).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.zero_Celsius)  #273.15
print(constants.degree_Fahrenheit)#0.5555555555555556

Power Units

Returns the number of Watts, the SI unit of power, defined as one joule per second (1 J/s), measuring the rate of energy conversion or transfer. (horsepower returns 745.6998715822701).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.hp)            #745.6998715822701
print(constants.horsepower)    #745.6998715822701

Mechanics Units

Returns the number of Newtons, the SI unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton. (kilogram_force returns 9.80665).

Example

from scipy import constants

print(constants.dyn)           #1e-05
print(constants.dyne)          #1e-05
print(constants.lbf)           #4.4482216152605
print(constants.pound_force)   #4.4482216152605
print(constants.kgf)           #9.80665
print(constants.kilogram_force)#9.80665

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