PostgreSQL Syntax

By default, after installing PostgreSQL, it comes with a command-line tool called SQL Shell(psql).

For Linux systems, you can switch to the postgres user to start the command-line tool:

# sudo -i -u postgres

For Windows systems, it is usually located in its installation directory:

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

For Mac OS, you can simply search for it:

Once in the command-line tool, you can use \help to view the syntax of various commands:

postgres-# \help <command_name>

For example, to view the syntax of a SELECT statement:

postgres=# \help SELECT
Command:     SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
    [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
    [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
    [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
    [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
    [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
    [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
    [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]

from_item can be one of the following options:

    [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

SQL Statements

An SQL statement typically includes keywords, identifiers (fields), constants, special symbols, etc. Here is a simple SQL statement:

SELECT id, name FROM tutorialpro

PostgreSQL Commands

ABORT

ABORT is used to exit the current transaction.

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

Modifies the definition of an aggregate function.

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION

Modifies the definition of a collation.

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION

Modify the definition of a code conversion.

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE

Modify a database.

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

Define default access privileges.

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

ALTER DOMAIN

Modify the definition of a domain.

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION

Modify the definition of a function.

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP

Modify a user group.

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX

Modify the definition of an index.

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE

Modify the definition of a procedural language.

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR

Change the definition of an operator.

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

Modify the definition of an operator class.

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA

Modify the definition of a schema.

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE

Modify the definition of a sequence generator.

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

### ALTER TABLE

Modify the definition of a table.

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ] ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name

Where `action` can be one of the following options:

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN } ADD table_constraint DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] CLUSTER ON index_name SET WITHOUT CLUSTER SET WITHOUT OIDS OWNER TO new_owner SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

### ALTER TABLESPACE

Modify the definition of a tablespace.

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

### ALTER TRIGGER

Modify the definition of a trigger.

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

### ALTER TYPE

Modify the definition of a type.

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

### ALTER USER

Modify a database user account.

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER USER name RESET parameter

Where `option` can be:

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

### ANALYZE

Collect statistics about the database.

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

### BEGIN

Start a transaction block.

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

`transaction_mode` can be one of the following options:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY

### CHECKPOINT

Force a transaction log checkpoint.

CHECKPOINT

### CLOSE

Close a cursor.

CLOSE name

### CLUSTER

Cluster a table based on an index.

CLUSTER

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name CLUSTER table_name CLUSTER

### COMMENT

Defines or changes the comment of an object.

COMMENT ON { TABLE object_name | COLUMN table_name.column_name | AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) | CAST (source_type AS target_type) | CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name | CONVERSION object_name | DATABASE object_name | DOMAIN object_name | FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) | INDEX object_name | LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid | OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) | OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method | [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name | RULE rule_name ON table_name | SCHEMA object_name | SEQUENCE object_name | TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name | TYPE object_name | VIEW object_name } IS 'text'

### COMMIT

Commits the current transaction.

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

### COPY

Copies data between a table and a file.

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] FROM { 'filename' | STDIN } [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ] COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] TO { 'filename' | STDOUT } [ [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

### CREATE AGGREGATE

Defines a new aggregate function.

CREATE AGGREGATE name ( BASETYPE = input_data_type, SFUNC = sfunc, STYPE = state_data_type [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ] [, INITCOND = initial_condition ] )

### CREATE CAST

Defines a user-defined cast.

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types) [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITHOUT FUNCTION [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

### CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

Defines a new constraint trigger.

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name AFTER events ON table_name constraint attributes FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

### CREATE CONVERSION

Defines a new encoding conversion.

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name

### CREATE DATABASE

Create a new database.

CREATE DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ] [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]

### CREATE DOMAIN

Define a new domain.

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [ DEFAULT expression ] [ constraint [ ... ] ]

*constraint* can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

### CREATE FUNCTION

Define a new function.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) RETURNS ret_type { LANGUAGE lang_name | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER | AS 'definition' | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol' } ... [ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

### CREATE GROUP

Define a new user group.

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] Where option can be: SYSID gid | USER username [, ...]

### CREATE INDEX

Define a new index.

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ] ( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] ) [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ WHERE predicate ]

### CREATE LANGUAGE

Define a new procedural language.

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

### CREATE OPERATOR

Define a new operator.

CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ] [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ] [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ] [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ] )

### CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

Define a new operator class.

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type USING index_method AS { OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ] | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] ) | STORAGE storage_type } [, ... ]

### CREATE ROLE

Define a new database role.

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

CREATE RULE

Defines a new rewrite rule.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA

Defines a new schema.

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SERVER

Defines a new foreign server.

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

Defines a new sequence generator.

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE

Defines a new table.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

column_constraint can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

table_constraint can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |

PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS

Define a new table from the results of a query.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE

Define a new tablespace.

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CREATE TRIGGER

Define a new trigger.

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE

Define a new data type.

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

CREATE USER

Create a new database user account.

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

option can be one of the following:

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

CREATE VIEW

Define a view.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE

Delete a prepared query.

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE

Define a cursor.

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE

Delete rows from a table.

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE

Delete a user-defined aggregate function.

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST

Deletes a user-defined type conversion.

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION

Deletes a user-defined encoding conversion.

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE

Deletes a database.

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN

Deletes a user-defined domain.

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION

Deletes a function.

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP

Deletes a user group.

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX

Deletes an index.

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE

Deletes a procedural language.

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR

Deletes an operator.

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

Deletes an operator class.

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP ROLE

Deletes a database role.

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] name [, ...]

DROP RULE

Deletes a rewrite rule.

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA

Deletes a schema.

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE

Deletes a sequence.

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE

Deletes a table.

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE

Deletes a tablespace.

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER

Deletes a trigger definition.

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE

Deletes a user-defined data type.

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER

Deletes a database user account.

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW

Deletes a view.

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END

Commits the current transaction.

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE

Executes a prepared query.

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN

Displays the execution plan of a statement.

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH

Fetches rows from a query using a cursor.

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

direction can be one of the following options:

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

GRANT

Defines access privileges.

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

### INSERT

Create new rows in a table, i.e., insert data.

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ] { DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

### LISTEN

Listen for a notification.

LISTEN name

### LOAD

Load or reload a shared library file.

LOAD 'filename'

### LOCK

Lock a table.

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

*lock_mode* can be one of the following options:

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

### MOVE

Position a cursor.

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

### NOTIFY

Generate a notification.

NOTIFY name

### PREPARE

Create a prepared query.

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

### REINDEX

Rebuild an index.

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

### RELEASE SAVEPOINT

Remove a previously defined savepoint.

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

### RESET

Restore a runtime parameter value to its default value.

RESET name RESET ALL

### REVOKE

Remove access privileges.

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK

Roll back the current transaction.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

Roll back to a savepoint.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT

Define a new savepoint within the current transaction.

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT

Retrieve rows from a table or view.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

SELECT INTO

Define a new table from the results of a query.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET

Modify run-time parameters.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS

Set constraint checking modes for the current transaction.

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

Set the session user identifier and the current user identifier for the current session.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION

Begin a transaction block.

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

Where transaction_mode is one of:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

SHOW

Display the value of a run-time parameter.

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION

Begin a transaction block.

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

transaction_mode can be one of the following options:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

TRUNCATE

Empty one or a group of tables.

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UNLISTEN

Stop listening for notification messages.

UNLISTEN { name | * }

UPDATE

Update rows in a table.

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

VACUUM

Garbage-collect and optionally analyze a database.

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

VALUES

Compute a set of rows.

VALUES ( expression [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY sort_expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]

[ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ] [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]